Hannelore Daniel
Molecular Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Nutrition, Technical University of Munich, Germany Every nutritional process relies on the interplay of a large number of proteins encoded by mRNA molecules that are expressed in a given cell. Alterations of mRNA levels and in turn of the corresponding protein levels although the two variables do not necessarily change in parallel are critical parameters in controlling the flux of a nutrient or metabolite through a biochemical pathway. Nutrients...
What is the Cellular Cascade from Glucose to the Transcription Machinery
In order to explain the glucose responsiveness of tissues, the following hypotheses have been considered i the presence of glucose might modify the nuclear amount of transcription factors including modifications of cellular localization and ii transcription factors undergo post-translational modifications in the presence of glucose, leading to a modification of interactions with the basic transcription machinery or with co-activator proteins. Post-translational modifications of a transcription...
European Journal Of Biochemistry Katsurada Fukuda Matsumura Nishimoto Noguchi
Argaud, D., Kirby, T.L., Newgard, C.B. and Lange, AJ. 1997 Stimulation of glucose 6 phosphatase gene expression by glucose and fructose-2,6-biphosphatase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272, 12854-12861. Bandsma, R.H., Wiegman, C.H., Herling, A.W., Burger, HJ., ter Harmsel, A., Meijer, AJ., Romijn, J.A., Reijngoud, DJ. and Kuipers, F. 2001 Acute inhibition of glucose-6-phosphate translocator activity leads to increased de novo lipogenesis and development of hepatic steatosis without affecting...
The Mammalian Cell Cycle
The cell cycle is an ordered set of processes by which one cell grows and divides into two daughter cells cell proliferation Murray and Hunt, 1993 . Two fundamentally different cell cycles exist in mammals i the mitotic cell cycle, in which two diploid daughter cells are generated and ii the meiotic cell cycle, in which four haploid daughter cells are produced generation of sperm and egg . This chapter will focus exclusively on the mitotic cell cycle. The absence of nutrients or growth factors...
CABI Publishing
CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing 44 Brattle Street 4th Floor CAB International Wallingford Oxon OX10 8DE UK Tel 44 0 1491 832111 Fax 44 0 1491 833508 E-mail cabi cabi.org Tel 1 617 395 4056 Fax 1 617 354 6875 CAB International 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue...
Nutrient Status Affects Cell Proliferation
This chapter provides evidence that cell proliferation generates an increased demand for biotin due to increased biotinylation of carboxylases and histones in proliferating cells. Proliferating cells meet this increased demand by increasing cellular uptake of biotin. Likewise, cells respond to proliferation with increased uptake of other nutrients such as NAD Williams et al., 1985 , riboflavin Zempleni and Mock, 2000 , pantothenic acid Zempleni et al., 2001 , cobalamin Hall, 1984 and various...
C 1
Fig. 3.4. Proposed structure of the heterodimeric amino acid-transporting complexes found in mammalian plasma cell membranes. They consist of either the heavy chain 4F2hc or rBAT linked to one of the various light chains via an extracellular disulphide brigde. The different complexes then constitute transport pathways with different characteristics with regard to substrate specificity and membrane location. 2001b . It represents a reabsorption defect for cysteine in the apical membrane of renal...
Hannelore Daniel 1
Molecular Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Nutrition, Technical University of Munich, Germany Nutrient transport across the plasma membrane of cells is a critical step in metabolism and nutrient homeostasis since the cell membrane is a barrier for permeation and compartmentalizes metabolic processes. The phospholipid bilayer surrounding cells shows an intrinsically low permeability for hydrophilic low molecular weight compounds as well as for larger molecules. However, even lipophilic...
References 2
Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group 1994 The effect of vitamin E and beta-carotene on lung cancer incidence and other cancers in male smokers. New England Journal of Medicine 330, 1029-1035. Ashkenazi, A. and Dixit, V.M. 1998 Death receptors signalling and modulation. Science 281, 1305-1308. Bedi, A., Pasricha, PJ., Akhtar, AJ., Barber, J.B., Bedi, G.C., Giardello, F.M., Zehnbauer, B.A., Hamilton, S.R. and Jones, R.J. 1995 Inhibition of apoptosis during development...
References
Addison, R. and McCormick, D.B. 1978 Biogenesis of flavoprotein and cytochrome components in hepaticmitochondria from riboflavin-deficientrats. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 81, 133-138. Arita, M., Sato, Y., Miyata, A., Tanabe, T., Takahashi, E., Kayden, H.J., Arai, H. and Inoue, K. 1995 Human alpha-tocopherol transfer protein cDNA cloning, expression and chromosomal localization. Biochemical Journal 306, 437-443. Artigues, A., Bengoechea-Alonso, M.T., Crawford, D.L.,...
Life and Cell Death
The commonest multicellular organism on this planet is a nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, which flourishes in compost, lives in the human gut and spreads diseases including river blindness and elephantiasis. Because it is small 1 mm long , easy to grow and has a short life span 2 weeks , the roundworm C. elegans is used widely in studies of developmental biology and of ageing. A total of 1090 cells develop initially, but the mature hermaphrodite animal contains only 959 somatic cells with the...